PEOPLE KNOWN FOR: Islam
prophet of Islam
Muhammad was the founder of Islam and the proclaimer of the Qurʾān. He is traditionally said to have been born in 570 in Mecca and to have died in 632 in Medina, where he had been forced to emigrate to...
Muslim theologian
Ibn Taymiyyah was one of Islam’s most forceful theologians, who, as a member of the Ḥanbalī school founded by Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, sought the return of the Islamic religion to its sources: the Qurʾān and...
Songhai ruler
Muḥammad I Askia was a West African statesman and military leader who usurped the throne of the Songhai empire (1493) and, in a series of conquests, greatly expanded the empire and strengthened it. He...
Mughal emperor
Aurangzeb was the emperor of India from 1658 to 1707, the last of the great Mughal emperors. Under him, the Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent, although his policies helped lead to its dissolution....
Mongol ruler of Persia
Maḥmūd Ghāzān was the most prominent of the Il-Khans (subordinate khāns) to rule the Mongol dynasty in Iran. Reigning from 1295 to 1304, he is best known for the conversion of his state to Islām and his...
Spanish Muslim scholar
Ibn Ḥazm was a Muslim litterateur, historian, jurist, and theologian of Islamic Spain, famed for his literary productivity, breadth of learning, and mastery of the Arabic language. One of the leading exponents...
Muslim scholar
Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan was a Muslim educator, jurist, and author, founder of the Anglo-Mohammedan Oriental College at Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, and the principal motivating force behind the revival...
Iranian religious leader
Ruhollah Khomeini was an Iranian Shiʿi cleric who led the revolution that overthrew Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1979 (see Iranian Revolution) and who was Iran’s ultimate political and religious authority...
Egyptian scholar and jurist
Muḥammad ʿAbduh was a religious scholar, jurist, and liberal reformer, who led the late 19th-century movement in Egypt and other Muslim countries to revitalize Islamic teachings and institutions in the...
Persian scholar
Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī was an outstanding Persian philosopher, scientist, and mathematician. Educated first in Ṭūs, where his father was a jurist in the Twelfth Imam school, the main sect of Shīʾite Muslims,...
Indian mystic and poet
Kabir was an iconoclastic Indian poet-saint revered by Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs. The birth of Kabir remains shrouded in mystery and legend. One tradition holds that he was born in 1398, which would have...
Syrian bishop
Theōdūrus Abū Qurrah was a Syrian Melchite bishop, theologian, and linguist. He was an early exponent of cultural exchange with Islamic and other non-Christian peoples, and the first known Christian writer...
British official
Gilbert John Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th earl of Minto was the governor general of Canada (1898–1905) and viceroy of India (1905–10); in India he and his colleague John Morley sponsored the Morley–Minto...
Somalian Muslim leader
Aḥmad Grāñ was the leader of a Muslim movement that all but subjugated Ethiopia. At the height of his conquest, he held more than three-quarters of the kingdom, and, according to the chronicles, the majority...
spiritual leader
Shirdi Sai Baba was a spiritual leader dear to Hindu and Muslim devotees throughout India and in diaspora communities as far flung as the United States and the Caribbean. The name Sai Baba comes from sai,...
Nizārī imam
Aga Khan III was the only son of the Aga Khan II. He succeeded his father as imam (leader) of the Nizārī Ismāʿīlī sect in 1885. Under the care of his mother, who was born into the ruling house of Iran,...
poet
Seyid İmadeddin Nesimi was a mystical poet of the late 14th and early 15th centuries who wrote in Turkish, Persian, and Arabic. Very little about his early life is known. He became acquainted with the...
sultan of Aceh
Iskandar Muda was the sultan of Aceh in northern Sumatra under whom the region achieved its greatest territorial expansion and an international reputation as a centre of trade and of Islamic learning....
Indian political leader
Sayyid Amir Ali was a jurist, writer, and Muslim leader who favoured British rule in India rather than possible Hindu domination of an independent India. Amir Ali, who traced his ancestry to the Prophet...
Islamic scholar
Leo Africanus was a traveler whose writings remained for some 400 years one of Europe’s principal sources of information about Islam. Educated at Fès, in Morocco, Leo Africanus traveled widely as a young...
Indian religious reformer
Muḥammad Ismāʿīl Shahīd was an Indian Muslim reformer who attempted to purge Indian Islam from idolatry and who preached holy war against the Sikhs and the British. As a preacher in Delhi, Ismāʿīl Shahīd...
governor of Egypt
ʿAbd Allāh ibn Saʿd ibn Abī Sarḥ was the governor of Upper (southern) Egypt for the Muslim caliphate during the reign of ʿUthmān (644–656) and the cofounder, with the future caliph Muʿāwiyah I, of the...
Muslim caliph
ʿAlī was the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, and fourth of the “rightly guided” (rāshidūn) caliphs, as the first four successors of Muhammad are called. Reigning from 656 to 661,...
Muslim philosopher
Averroës was an influential Islamic religious philosopher who integrated Islamic traditions with ancient Greek thought. At the request of the Almohad caliph Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf, he produced a series of summaries...
Persian philosopher and scientist
Avicenna was a Muslim physician, the most famous and influential of the philosopher-scientists of the medieval Islamic world. He was particularly noted for his contributions in the fields of Aristotelian...
Muslim scholar
Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal was a Muslim theologian, jurist, and martyr for his faith. He was the compiler of the Musnad, a collection of sayings and traditions of the Prophet Muhammad arranged by isnād, and the...
Muslim scholar
Al-Ṭabarī was a Muslim scholar, author of enormous compendiums of early Islamic history and Qurʾānic exegesis, who made a distinct contribution to the consolidation of Sunni thought during the 9th century....
Muslim theologian
Fakhr ad-Dīn ar-Rāzī was a Muslim theologian and scholar, author of one of the most authoritative commentaries on the Qurʾān in the history of Islām. His aggressiveness and vengefulness created many enemies...
Muslim mystic
Ibn al-ʿArabī was a celebrated Muslim mystic-philosopher who gave the esoteric, mystical dimension of Islamic thought its first full-fledged philosophic expression. His major works are the monumental Al-Futūḥāt...
Muslim theologian
Al-Muḥāsibī was an eminent Muslim mystic (Ṣūfī) and theologian renowned for his psychological refinement of pietistic devotion and his role as a precursor of the doctrine of later Muslim orthodoxy. His...
Muslim theologian
Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī was a Muslim Arab theologian noted for having integrated the rationalist methodology of the speculative theologians into the framework of orthodox Islām. In his Maqālāt al-Islāmīyīn...
Muslim jurist and theologian
Abū Ḥanīfah was a Muslim jurist and theologian whose systematization of Islamic legal doctrine was acknowledged as one of the four canonical schools of Islamic law (madhhabs). The Ḥanafī school of Abū...
Indian theologian
Abul Kalam Azad was an Islamic theologian who was one of the leaders of the Indian independence movement against British rule in the first half of the 20th century. He was highly respected throughout his...
Islamic scholar
Rashīd Riḍā was an Islamic scholar who formulated an intellectual response to the pressures of the modern Western world on traditional Islam. Rashīd Riḍā was educated according to traditional forms of...
Indian mystic and theologian
Shaykh Aḥmad Sirhindī was an Indian mystic and theologian who was largely responsible for the reassertion and revival in India of orthodox Sunnite Islam as a reaction against the syncretistic religious...
Egyptian American professor and civil rights activist
Saʿd al-Dīn Ibrāhīm is an Egyptian American professor and civil rights activist known for his vocal criticism of Egyptian president Hosnī Mubārak. Ibrāhīm graduated from Cairo University (B.A., 1960) and...
Muslim theologian
Ibn ʿAqīl was an Islamic theologian and scholar of the Ḥanbalī school, the most traditionalist of the schools of Islamic law. His thoughts and teachings represent an attempt to give a somewhat more liberal...
Muslim legist
Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Shāfiʿī was a Muslim legal scholar who played an important role in the formation of Islamic legal thought and was the founder of the Shāfiʿiyyah school of law. He also made a basic contribution...
Indian Muslim theologian
Shāh Walī Allāh was an Indian theologian and promulgator of modern Islamic thought who first attempted to reassess Islamic theology in the light of modern changes. Walī Allāh received a traditional Islamic...
Muslim educator
Ibn al-Jawzī was a jurist, theologian, historian, preacher, and teacher who became an important figure in the Baghdad establishment and a leading spokesman of traditionalist Islam. Ibn al-Jawzī received...
Indo-Persian historian
ʿAbd al-Qādir Badāʾūnī was an Indo-Persian historian, one of the most important writers on the history of the Mughal period in India. As a young boy Badāʾūnī lived in Basāvar and studied at Sambhal and...
Egyptian scholar
Rifāʿah Rāfiʿ al-Ṭahṭāwī was a teacher and scholar who was one of the first Egyptians to grapple with the question of adjusting to the West and to provide answers in Islamic terms. Ṭahṭāwī’s first important...
American biblical scholar
Charles Cutler Torrey was a U.S. Semitic scholar who held independent and stimulating views on certain biblical problems. Torrey studied at Bowdoin (Maine) College and Andover (Mass.) Theological Seminary...
Dutch professor
Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje was a professor and Dutch colonial official, a pioneer in the scientific study of Islam. While serving as a lecturer at the University of Leiden (1880–89), Snouck Hurgronje...
Muslim theologian
Ibrāhīm al-Naẓẓām was a brilliant Muslim theologian, a man of letters, and a poet, historian, and jurist. Naẓẓām spent his youth in Basra, moving to Baghdad as a young man. There he studied speculative...
British historian
R.C. Zaehner was a British historian of religion who investigated the evolution of ethical systems and forms of mysticism, particularly in Eastern religions. The son of Swiss parents who had immigrated...
Islamic author and jurist
Aḥmad Bābā was a jurist, writer, and a cultural leader of the western Sudan. A descendant of a line of jurists, Aḥmad Bābā was educated in Islāmic culture, including jurisprudence. When Timbuktu was conquered...
Russian anthropologist
Vasily Vladimirovich Bartold was a Russian anthropologist who made valuable contributions to the study of the social and cultural history of Islam and of the Tajik Iranians and literate Turkic peoples...
British scholar
David Samuel Margoliouth was an English scholar whose pioneering efforts in Islamic studies won him a near-legendary reputation among Islamic peoples and Oriental scholars of Europe. Margoliouth was professor...
Islamic theologian
Ibn Abī ʿAṣrūn was a scholar who became a leading Shāfiʿī (one of the four schools of Islamic law) theologian and the chief judicial officer of the Ayyūbid caliphate. After completing his theological training,...
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